Friday, October 19, 2012

Midterm exam

Chromodoris by David Doubilet
Well done, everyone!  I have a thick stack of exams to grade, and will get a good start on them this weekend.  What follows is a minor rewrite of what I posted at this point in the term last time I taught this class.  As my students recover from turning in their midterms and from the various viruses that seem to be sweeping campus, this slideshow of photos taken by David Doubilet  might be therapeutic.  But don't get so dazzled by those lurid colors and such that you stop thinking altogether. Remember that one of the special things about gastropods is that they exhibit torsion, a 180-degree twist of the visceral mass (including most internal organs and nervous system) relative to the foot. Among many consequences of torsion is the loss of the left post-torsional gonad and displacement of all the pipes that empty into the mantle cavity over to the right, downstream of the gills, which is a better place to dump your urine, feces, and gametes, after all. While nudibranchs and their sea-sluggy opisthobranch kin are detorted (untwisted) as adults, notice they all retain a penis that emerges from the right side. Yes, they ALL have a penis, being simultaneous hermaphrodites, and it's on the right side for all of them. A remnant of torsion past, both ancestrally and developmentally.

Sunday, October 14, 2012

Bivalves are busier than they look


COA students census clams at Hadley Point
The processes of respiration, feeding, and locomotion in bivalves all rely on the animal moving water through the mantle cavity.  To burrow, bivalves rely on muscle action to squeeze the shells closed, which puts pressure on the blood sinuses in the visceral mass (body) and moves blood into the foot, causing it to extend.  The closing shells also squirt water anteriorly out of the mantle cavity, helping to soften the sediments in front of the burrowing clam, easing their work.  Ed Yong at Not Exactly Rocket Science has a great description of the burrowing process along with photos and links to videos.  The water movement for feeding and respiration is more subtle, and it relies on the action of the cilia that cover the extensive ctenidia (gills) of most bivalves.  Water is swept into the mantle cavity through a larger, ventral incurrent opening at the posterior of the animal.  The oxygen-rich water, laden with food particles, moves anteriorly and dorsally across the ctenidia, which both capture food and extract oxygen from the water current.  The cleared water then passes back posteriorly and out through a smaller dorsal excurrent opening.  You can sometimes see this process in the lab by carefully marking the water near the incurrent opening using food coloring or milk.  You can also visualize water flow through mussels, using the spiffy technique of Schlieren imaging

Friday, October 12, 2012

The inspiring Vi Hart

Having just finished my midterm check-in with the class on how the course is going, I’ve been reflecting on my teaching, particularly the lectures for invertebrate zoology.  I like to think my lectures are content-rich and characterized by enthusiasm for the material and that the energy I bring serves as an invitation for students to engage more deeply with the class content.  My speaking style has been influenced by many people, and I am amused to sometimes hear echoes of their voices coming through in my lectures.  Sometimes channeling my inner Diver Ed is a very effective teaching tool.  Vi Hart is someone else whose expertise and exuberance I greatly admire.  I’ll never be able to match her speed of presentation, probably to my students’ relief.  This post was really just an excuse to share these cool videos on hexaflexagons.


Monday, October 1, 2012

tiny camera captures internal view of a starfish eating a mussel


There are some really nice echinoderm videos out there, but this one featured at Deep Sea News is unique.  The beginning of the video is dramatic enough, with an advancing front of starfish creeping up a mussel-encrusted pier piling.  Notice how fluid the starfish look in the time lapse.  Mutable collagenous tissue doing its thing!  Then the predation begins.  The starfish’s stomach should look somewhat familiar if you’ve ever interrupted a feeding starfish.  But seeing it from the perspective inside a mussel shell is a thrilling novelty.  Not really a “mussel’s eye view” as they have no eyes, but still!  As the stomach slides in, you can see the mussel’s gills, the ctenidia, on the right.  The slender, ciliated filaments that make up the gill show up as blurry striations in the foreground.  On the left is the mussel’s mantle, the organ that lays down the shell.  The dark orange gonad can be seen extending into the mantle tissue.  It’s all just starfish food. 

Friday, September 21, 2012

Comb jellies


I always feel like the poor Ctenophora get short-shrift in Invertebrate Zoology, in the mad dash to get through 30+ phyla in a 10-week term.  So for some extra ctenophore wisdom, this is an excellent summary by Claudia Mills.  I knew Claudia from from my days as a UW grad student doing research at Friday HarborLabs.  I have memories of her walking along the FHL dock, scooping up various jellies (hydromedusae as well as ctenophores) using a plastic beaker attached to the end of a long pole.  This is the video I showed in class, in case you want to see it again.  Its awesomeness is marred only by a minor misspelling of the critter's name.  BEROE. 
Even though I spend more time talking about Cnidaria in class than the virtually neglected ctenophores, they’re over far too quickly as well.  For a bit more on a Hydrozoan order that is unusual in entirely lacking a polyp stage, check out this videoabout Narcomedusae by our very own Riley Thompson. 

Tuesday, September 18, 2012

first field trip of the term


Our field trip yesterday to Otter Cliffs, my favorite intertidal site to explore on MDI, was blessed with gorgeous weather and a good low tide (-1.1 feet).  The goal was to see high diversity of higher taxa, and we focused our attention on phyla and classes, generating a fairly respectable list.

Phylum Porifera, Class Demospongiae
Phylum Cnidaria, Classes Hydrozoa and Anthozoa
Phylum Mollusca, Classes Gastropoda and Bivalvia
Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta
Phylum Arthropoda, Classes Insecta and Crustacea
Phylum Bryozoa, Classes Cheilostomata, Ctenostomata
Phylum Echinodermata, Classes Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea

Photo of springtails by Adam M
We could have expanded this list by aggressively tracking down flatworms (Platyhelminthes) and ribbonworms (Nemertea), both of which I've seen at Otter Cliffs in the past. As it was, we still had plenty to look at to provide tangible examples of those many branches of the phylogenetic trees that form the underlying conceptual structure for this course. 
The sponge was surprisingly hard to track down!  Virtually everywhere I expected to see it, in tidepools alongside coralline red algae, I found only bare rock.  I don't know what's happened to all the Halichondria that used to be so common there.
My students who are also taking entomology this term were thrilled to find springtails in the upper tidepools.


Saturday, September 8, 2012

cladistics

Chiton http://eol.org/pages/586951/overview  
As I said in class on Thursday, phylogenetic trees offer an hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among organisms and provide a context that can help us organize the organismal diversity we encounter.  A tree depicts patterns of shared ancestry, with more closely related organisms sharing a common ancestor more recently.  How are these trees constructed?  They rely on assessing the occurrence of shared, derived characters and rules of parsimony.
Cone snails are united in a single genus, Conus, because they share a number of derived features, most notably, a feeding structure modified as a harpoon, which the largest species can use to kill fish. 
Most snails feed using a radula, which they use for scraping prey off the substrate.  To tell which type of structure is ancestral (exhibited by the common ancestor of all snails), and which type is derived (an evolutionary innovation within snails), compare the feeding structure seen in chitons, which is not a snail, but another class of mollusks.  They have a scraping radula, which suggests that this is the ancestral feeding structure in snails as well.
To construct phylogenetic trees, many characters, including morphological, developmental, and molecular, especially DNA sequence data, are examined. 


Friday, September 7, 2012

Phylum Cycliophora

The description of a new phylum indicates that the newly discovered organism is different from all known creatures in some very fundamental ways in terms of body plan, development and life cycle.  The Cycliophora were described in 1995, and these microscopic creatures, which make their home on the mouthparts of lobsters, are quite distinctive.  The details of their morphology and life cycle are clearly described in the references from the primary literature listed below and are nicely summarized at the Encyclopedia of Life.  The most compelling presentation of the life cycle of the cycliophorans, which includes sexual and asexual cycles, dwarf males, and various larval forms, is surely this video at CreatureCast.  Check out their full archive for more, and you may find a video created by someone in our current Invertebrate Zoology class.

References:
Funch, P. & R.M. Kristensen, 1995. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta.  Nature 378:711-714 doi:10.1038/378711a0
pdf is here
Kristensen, R.M. 2000.  An Introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and Micrognathozoa.  Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:641-651. doi: 10.1093/icb/42.3.641
http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/3/641.short

Sunday, September 2, 2012

animal relationships

There are many ways to envision the relationships among all the animals on the planet, and phylogenetic trees offer a potent visual, as I discussed the last time I taught invertebrate zoology.  For a somewhat different message, you can compare the numbers of described species in various animal groups with the numbers of species known in other kingdoms, as in this drawing.
It's a few years old, but it still delights me as much as it did the first time I saw it described here by Chris Taylor. Even though each drawing is not a taxonomically equivalent group (the protists, plants, and fungi are all kingdoms that warrant a single sketch, while one animal phylum, the Chordata, gets a separate drawing for each of its 5 vertebrate classes), it is an arresting graphic.  Most of the space is taken up by the huge fly and by the bulbous tick in the lower left, which represent the arthropods.  Although we'll be spending plenty of time on crustaceans in class, a group oddly neglected in this drawing, I'll be leaving those terrestrial arthropods alone and focusing instead on the marine invertebrates, especially those groups with abundant and diverse local examples.

Thursday, May 10, 2012

Invertebrate pancakes


For those who enjoy pondering invertebrates over breakfast, check this out.  And this ambitious cook does much more than inverts.